quality of life

Honoring Nations: Steve Terry and Rory Feeney: Miccosukee Tribe Section 404 Permitting Program

Producer
Harvard Project on American Indian Economic Development
Year

Miccosukee Tribe Land Resources Manager Steve Terry and Fish and Wildlife Director Rory Feeney present an overview of the Miccosukee Tribe Section 404 Permitting Program to the Honoring Nations Board of Governors in conjunction with the 2005 Honoring Nations Awards.

Resource Type
Citation

Feeney, Rory, and Steve Terry. "Miccosukee Tribe Section 404 Permitting Program." Honoring Nations Awards event. Harvard Project on American Indian Economic Development, John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University. Tulsa, Oklahoma. November 1, 2005. Presentation.

Steve Terry:

"First I'd like to thank the board of governors for letting us come up and give our presentation and for considering our program. Chairman Cypress of the Miccosukee Tribe regrets that he cannot be here today but he's still down in Florida coordinating the relief effort to the tribe due to the recent hurricane that we had, Hurricane Wilma.

I'd like to give a little history about the Miccosukee Tribe. The Miccosukee Tribe has always been a separate tribe from the Seminole Tribe. If you read the war accounts, the Seminole Indian wars in Florida, you always see that they refer to the Miccosukee and Seminole war chiefs. The Miccosukees ended up in the Everglades from their homelands in north Florida and south Georgia as a result of the Seminole Indian wars and to escape the Indian removal policy of the United States government. The State of Florida created a 5,000-acre Indian reservation down in the mainland portion of Monroe County in 1917, then in 1935 when they started talking about forming Everglades National Park, promptly gave that reservation as part of the park. The state then created a 110,000-acre reservation in Broward County, but did not consult with the tribe. So needless to say, no tribal members ever moved up to Broward County, they stayed on the old state Indian reservation down in Monroe County. They stayed there until the late 1940s when Monroe County Sheriff's deputies and Everglades Park rangers forced the tribe from the park. The tribe relocated to Tamiami Trail where they reside today. So they used to live up here in north Florida and south Georgia, slowly working their way down the State of Florida through the result of the Indian wars and ended up down here in Monroe County where the Indian reservation was and actually had to relocate right about in there as a result of the park rangers forcing them out. And you can see that a little bit better in this slide.

The reason why I wanted to bring that up is has to do with what we're talking about today is our Section 404 general permit. What a 404 permit is a permit that you get from the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers to place fill-in wetlands on federal land. What a general permit is, that's a permit that the Corps issues to an entity. It follows the parameters agreed upon between the entity and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. It allows an entity to place fill-in wetlands with much less time involved, but normally the general permit is still administered by the Corps of Engineers. Mitigation is part of the general permit process. Mitigation is where you make up for the wetlands that you destroyed by filling them by either creating new wetlands or enhancing wetlands. The entity is responsible for following the terms of the general permit. The reason why we had to have a general permit? Tribal housing pads increased in size to accommodate larger homes. 404 permits were taking six months to several years to be approved by the Corps of Engineers. More fill requests were being submitted on a monthly basis into our offices and tribal members were wanting additional fill to increase their house pad and improve their quality of life. They wanted to build a garden, they wanted to have a yard for their children to play in, they wanted to be able to put a chickee up in their backyard, which is the traditional home of the Miccosukees made out of cypress poles and palm fronds. So this is what a typical residential pad used to look like on the left. If you'll see on the right, we've actually increased the size of that pad tremendously. This is what the old style of home is that we used to build on the reservation and now we build this type of a house that's on the reservation, thus requiring the need for much larger pad.

The contents of our general permit: well, we had a permit process in place before applying for the general permit from the Corps of Engineers. Because of this the Corps of Engineers actually allowed the tribe the responsibility to administer and enforce the permit and to the best of my knowledge we're the first tribe that's ever received a general permit from the Corps of Engineers. The terms allow the tribe to issue 404 permits to tribal members in a specific area and for a limited amount of fill. The tribal members are responsible for mitigation and implementation of permit terms. The Real Estate Services Department administers the permit and the Water Resources Department enforces the permit.

So how does our permitting process work? Well, first and foremost the tribal constitution gives the tribe the authority to issue permits. So a tribal member would come into our office and request fill-in wetlands for their property to Real Estate Services. My office would go out, we'd measure property boundaries, we'd stake out a fill area, we'd submit a site drawing, we'd draft the permit and we'd give that to the tribe's business council for their approval. Once the business council approved the permits, we would issue them to the tribal members and we'd also catalogue those so we could do a quarterly update to the Corps of Engineers on the amount of permits that we issued. The tribal member would come in and they would pay mitigation costs, they would acquire and they would also install silt screen.

Rory Feeney:

"My name is Rory Feeney from the Miccosukee Water Resources Office. Part of the Water Resources Department's responsibilities is to monitor and enforce best management practices, or BMPs, of the permit. We meet with the contractor. If we can't meet with the contractor, we will at least phone call them and make sure that he understands the conditions of the permit. Our office will go out and inspect the silt screen or turbidity barriers -- I'll explain what that is in a moment -- and make sure that the silt screen is installed at the right location and in the right way. After the inspection is included, an approval or disapproval will be sent to the homeowner. If it's approved and only once it's approved, the tribal member may then place fill in wetlands or fill on fill. During the construction activity the Water Resources Office continues to monitor the fill activity to make sure that it's in compliance with the permit boundary. And the tribe's law and order code grants jurisdiction to enforce these permit terms. So that's what gives us the structure and foundation to go out and enforce these things.

This is a copy of a typical permit that goes out to the homeowner. You can't really read it, it's small print, but what is on the first page is the cost of mitigation and where to pay that mitigation and the second page shows you step by step what the conditions of the permit are, how much the mitigation is going to cost, that the trash must be cleaned out of the house around the construction area before the fill is done, and that silt screen needs to be installed. This is a typical schematic of a house out there with detailing what the boundaries are and where the silt screen needs to be installed. This is a handout that is also included in the permit package that shows you step by step how to install it and the correct way and incorrect way to install it with pictures on each side showing such. We also include an erosion control handout, why it's important to control the slopes of your house pad with sod and seed. This is that silt screen, a close up of the silt screen that I was telling you about, turbidity monitor. What this does is it prevents silt from getting into the environment and impacting the local flora and fauna. There's another shot. And here's the sod and seed working in tandem with the silt screen there to decrease and minimize impacts onto the environment.

The mitigation Steve was mentioning takes place on tribal land, one-to-one ratio. For one acre of land that's filled, one acre of natural environment is enhanced. By that I mean we cut down, we contract a company to cut down melaleuca trees that have grown in abundance in south Florida. This is pretty much a mono culture of melaleuca trees. They overcrowd natural vegetation and it can smother out the lower vegetation on the bottom. We cut that down and restore it back to what once was...what this should look like is a saw grass, saw palmetto and hardwood ecosystem with cypress and other vegetation."

Steve Terry:

"The benefits of this permitting process: first and foremost it allows the tribe to exercise sovereignty over its own lands and its members. The quality of life for tribal members has improved considerably. Section 106 of the Clean Water Act is being met and our permit process is much faster, usually about one month when before it would take anywhere from six months to a couple of years to get a permit. The Corps of Engineers and EPA [Environmental Protection Agency] now have much less paperwork and less workload. And the government-to-government interaction improved substantially so we no longer end up having to fight the Corps of Engineers like we used to do in the past. And that concludes our presentation."

Amy Besaw:

"Questions from the board?"

Duane Champagne:

"Well, I'd like to congratulate you on the program. I'd like to know your relationship to the tribal government. This is an authority within the constitution and is that a method that has worked very well for this kind of permitting process and how much autonomy do they give you?"

Steve Terry:

"Well, it works very well for us and it was part of the constitution of the tribe that allowed the tribe to manage their own lands. So we used that section from the constitution to start with this. And every permit that we have goes before the tribe's business council and they approve the permit themselves. Now they can either approve a permit, disapprove a permit or tell us to go back and get more information and they have done all three things to us. So it works very well for us this way. And the thing I need to emphasize on this, we're bringing this up as being like just for fill-in wetlands. We don't do just fill-in wetlands. We do all kinds of permits from our office. We do fill-on-fill permits, we do fill agreements with tribal members, we have right away agreements, if they want to put in a driveway, put up a fence, put up a little shop that they want to do, they come to our office and get a permit for that and we go to the business council for their approval first."

Heather Kendall-Miller:

"One of the things that I was intrigued by, obviously what you've achieved is very significant in taking over such a major permitting program from the Corps of Engineers. And we're all...I come from Alaska and stuff and so one of the things that I was impressed by is the fact that the Everglades as far as I know is very sensitive environmentally, and I really expected that your tribe would have had some difficulty dealing with for instance environmental proponents or non-members of your community that would have concerns about the tribe issuing its own permits. Can you explain how it is that somehow you bypassed that kind of controversy?"

Steve Terry:

"When we applied for this general permit, the Corps of Engineers had to put it out for public comments and they put it out there for public comment and we issue drawings that showed where -- if we were going to fill all the areas that we could between all the homes and go back for a specific length that we were doing that -- it would cover about 54 acres of wetlands out on the tribe. And that went out for public comment. The Corps of Engineers did not receive one comment from anybody on this permit application and the only reason why I think that happened is because the Miccosukee Tribe has always been at the forefront of Everglades restoration. We gave the board a copy of our water quality standards and we had some back in the back and obviously Rory and I didn't bring near enough because they disappeared in like 15 minutes. But we have the strictest water quality standards in the State of Florida. We also issued our own 401 water-quality certification which came up with the whole thing about we had to put up turbidity screens, erosion control and what the tribal members have to do. And I think based on the fact that we did our own water-quality certification with conditions and the Corps conditioned the permit is why we didn't have any comments."

Heather Kendall-Miller:

"As a follow up, do you have non-members residing in homes applying for permits on tribal land as well?"

Steve Terry:

"No, there are no non-members that live on the reservation, that own homes on the reservation, so it's all just for the tribal members that live there."

Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation (CTUIR) Public Transit Program

Producer
Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation
Year

This video, produced by the Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation, explains the process by which a public transit program was implemented for the benefit of tribal members and, eventually, non-tribal members in neighboring communities.

Resource Type
Citation

CTUIR Tribal Planning Office. "Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation Tribal Planning Office Public Transit Program." Dir. Alfred Diaz. Ad Video Production. Pendleton, Oregon. October 2011. Film.

This Honoring Nations "Lessons in Nation Building" video is featured on the Indigenous Governance Database with the permission of the Harvard Project on American Indian Economic Development

[Harmonica]

Narrator:

“There was a time when the Cayuse, Umatilla and Walla Walla Indians roamed an area as large as 6.4 million acres. Their territories ranged roughly from the communities of Joseph, Oregon to the east and The Dalles, Oregon and Yakima, Washington 200 miles to the west. Today, in comparison, the reservation lands of the Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation are a mere fraction of the area once traveled by tribal members, a total of 175,000 acres. Since the creation of the reservation system, inter-regional travel for subsistence, jobs and cultural enrichment has been fraught with struggle for tribal members that live both here and in the nearby communities. Within the last decade, the Confederated Tribes have made great advancements to bring mobility back to their people and to non-Natives living in neighboring communities, so that once again the Cayuse, Umatilla and Walla Walla Indian nation are greatly embarking on interregional journeys through their ancestral lands.”

Jim Beard:

“CTUIR Public Transit is an integral part of the tribe’s overall economic development program. It’s not only a recruitment tool, but it also optimizes their investment in job creation by improving access to the workplace. Public transportation connecting rural northeastern Oregon and southeastern Washington would not be here today or 20 years from now if not for the Umatilla Tribes. For thousands of years, the tribes have travelled the routes and stayed at the places in their homeland that now make up the tribe’s regional transit service area. But most importantly, because of sovereignty and self-governance, the tribes have transcended political and jurisdictional boundaries to provide essential services where state and local governments have neither the sense of responsibility, understand the value to regional economic development, or possess the authority to serve in this regional context.”

Narrator:

“In the early history of reservation life, inter-regional travel was not only uncommon, but required permission from the federal government. Civil rights advancements would later establish full citizenship for Native Americans, thus allowing them the right to move about freely. The latter half of the 21st century saw other advancements in civil rights and self-governance. But up until the turn of the century, tribal members for the most part were still economically constrained to the reservation because many lacked the one vehicle that most Americans had come to rely upon for their inter-regional travel.”

Susie Calhoun:

“Transportation has always been either you walk or you have a car in this area. So the issues of transportation were just that. You either knew someone that had a car, you had a car, or you walked everywhere you went.”

Narrator:

“Post-World War II America saw a boom in modernization and along with it a growing dependence on the automobile and the network of highways and interstates. Without the economic ability to purchase and maintain vehicles or even a driver’s license, tribal members were literally left stranded on the roadside usually having to walk the five miles into town along the dangerous shoulders of the highway.”

Susan Johnson:

“They didn’t have any transportation at all. You would see people walking on the road continually between Pendleton and Mission.”

Narrator:

“In the nearby town of Pendleton five miles away, public transportation was almost nonexistent and limited to city boundaries so that by the end of the 21st century the city of Pendleton’s transit service had failed to reach the population of 3,000 living five miles away on the Umatilla Indian Reservation.”

Susie Calhoun:

“People would walk to town to get groceries, they’d walk to town to drink. Alcoholism is big. You’d see people just passed out on the road or on the side of the road and it was dangerous.”

Narrator:

“As the rights of self-governance increased, so did the ability for tribal leaders to implement programs and develop solutions to the socio-economic challenges their people faced. Better health care, better schools, and eventually stable employment, but access to these facilities was still difficult because of lack of transportation to meet all needs. It was a drive to increase employment on the reservation that would eventually lead to improvements in transportation. In 1994, construction of the first phase of the Wild Horse Resort and Casino was completed, instantly creating not just a steady workforce on the reservation but a growing workforce.”

Lorena Thompson:

“We’ve gone through four expansions from the initial 80 that we hired just with our temporary facility and it was more training until when we opened the resort where it is now where we employed 300. Then we went through another expansion adding all of the administrative. Then we did a consolidation with the hotel, the RV, golf course and Tamástslikt Cultural Institute.”

Narrator:

“Over the next few years, the workforce at the resort would grow three times what it was in 1994. Today, the reservation’s combined employers made up of the Wildhorse Resort, Tamástslikt Museum, Tribal Governance Center, Arrowhead Travel Plaza and Cayuse Technologies have made the Umatilla Indian Reservation the largest employer in eastern Oregon. Tribal government employs close to 600, Cayuse Technologies another 200, combined with Wildhorse Resort employee base for a total of 1,500 tribal and non-tribal employees. But workers require transportation, especially the service-sector workers who cannot often afford personal vehicles to travel the great distances common in rural areas.”

Lorena Thompson:

“We did find that being on schedules 24/7, having different schedules we had difficulties with employees getting here.”

Narrator:

“With a growing demand for a stable employee base, the Board of Trustees understood that it would benefit the tribes to have transportation service to the entire region. As a sovereign nation, the tribe’s recognized the value of extending their interest by providing transit services to lands beyond their reservation boundaries and this transit service would be free to all people living within their original homelands. In October of 2001, a passenger bus was borrowed from the city of Pendleton to begin a free bus service between both communities.”

Jim Beard:

“After a while, we were putting so many miles on it that they said, 'Ah, you better get your own bus.' So we went out in 2002 and bought our first bus and we ran that for several years just between Pendleton and Mission, the five miles between the two communities here. And then we began to see that there were a number of people who are employees here that live in these surrounding little communities and so we decided the next thing to do would be to go out to these areas.”

Narrator:

“Private taxis also provided services during odd hours when the transit wasn’t running or for tribal members who preferred a less public mode of transportation. The initial fee for senior tribal members to travel between the reservation and Pendleton was $1 each way. Taxi vouchers are still provided for tribal members, with the Tribes paying the remainder of the cost. As for the Confederated Tribes Transit Service, it was and still is free to all people using it to travel their ancestral lands.”

Jim Beard:

“Collecting fees won’t make or break this system. It’s a nuisance to collect the money, it’s just one more administrative function that we would have that we’d just as soon not, and besides it provides a lot of good will to the communities around here and to the people that the tribes are willing to provide this service to them for free.”

Narrator:

“Since the initiation of the bus and taxi programs in 2001, both have seen tremendous growth, with the free transit line experiencing the greatest increase with just under 5,000 riders in its first year of operation to nearly 60,000 riders in 2010. With such growing demand, the Board of Trustees recognized the value of expanding the transit system beyond the scope of getting workers to a job site. Over the next several years additional city runs would be added to increase services to all people with a variety of destinations and purposes. The communities of La Grande, Stanfield, Echo, Hermiston, Athena, Milton Freewater, Pilot Rock, and Walla Walla and Tri Cities in Washington were added, once again available to both tribal and non-tribal members with no rider fee to help people achieve inter-regional travel on their ancestral land.

Today, the Umatilla Reservation funds and operates seven free transit lines that help riders travel to facilities on and off the reservation as well as helping travelers connect with other communities and other transportation in the Northwest. On the reservation, regular stops are made at governance centers, medical facilities and the Wildhorse Resort and Casino. Additional stops are made along the way when requested. Off the reservation, transit buses will stop at city centers, airports, bus stations and other key locations that will provide the greatest accessibility for the rural residents of Umatilla County. The Mission run to Pendleton is still the most widely ridden but other runs are growing in significance such as the Walla Walla Whistler run, which connects to the nationally acclaimed Wine Country 40 minutes to the north which has a regional population of 45,000.

While many rural transit systems target senior and disabled populations tribal planners recognized the primary focus of its services needed to be centered on getting employees of tribal enterprises to the job site and enhancing the tribe’s economic development initiatives. By far the most common destination for riders has been traveling to and from work. According to a recent study of the 1460 people employed by the Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation, 55 percent were non-Indian while 33 percent were tribal members, and another 12 percent were members of other sovereign nations.”

Susie Calhoun:

“So it’s made people very, very self sufficient. They can go to work, they can get there, they can get back, it’s all on their own and it’s really a positive piece in people’s lives.”

Lorena Thompson:

“Making it easier on our employees to take care of their personal needs, to get to work which is their personal responsibility, but having that transportation opportunity is just great, it’s a great advantage for them and for us as the employer 'cause we know they will be there.”

Narrator:

“It is a system open to all, free to all and in some cases the benefactors go beyond people to the very creatures of this land of whom we are charged to be their stewards.”

Lynn Tompkins:

“Usually, the bus drivers in fact are just kind of excited about the birds on the bus and what do you have today and kind of thing, so we’re very appreciative of the tribe’s willingness to transport. Blue Mountain Wildlife is a wildlife rehabilitation center. The tribal bus service helps us hugely with transportation cost and time. When we’re really busy, we will often meet two buses a day. Being able to release a bird is always the best part. So when we get to release a bird, it’s just a really great feeling and if that means saying goodbye on the bus, that’s okay.”

Narrator:

“So as it was more than 150 years ago when the Cayuse, Umatilla and Walla Wallas roamed their vast ancestral lands, once again the first people of this land are able to roam and travel using a network of public transportation systems that follow their traditional routes.”

[Singing]

Ya’ll come with us and ride the bus, we’ve made it easy, there ain’t no fuss. Catch a ride into town, stop and shop and you’re homeward bound. If your wheels are down and you’ve got no ride, we’ll get you to work even on time and the price is right if you like it free, four trips a day, six days a week."

Susan Johnson:

“That was Harpman Beard for the Confederated Tribes Bus Service and I am Susan Johnson, Bus System Manager. So get your schedule at the planning office and take advantage of this wonderful offer.”

From the Rebuilding Native Nations Course Series: "Citizen-Owned Businesses: Improving the Quality of Life"

Producer
Native Nations Institute
Year

Native leaders and scholars discuss the ways that citizen-owned businesses contribute to an improved quality of life for Native nations and their citizens.

Resource Type
Citation

Hampson, Tom. Native Nations Institute for Leadership, Management, and Policy, University of Arizona. Cambridge, Massachusetts. September 17, 2009. Interview.

Merdanian, Tina. Native Nations Institute for Leadership, Management, and Policy, University of Arizona. Rapid City, South Dakota. March 3, 2011. Interview.

Pratte, Clara. Native Nations Institute for Leadership, Management, and Policy, University of Arizona. Tucson, Arizona. February 15, 2011. Interview.

Tilsen-Braveheart, Kimberly. Native Nations Institute for Leadership, Management, and Policy, University of Arizona. Rapid City, South Dakota. May 26, 2010. Interview.

Clara Pratte:

“Just from a personal perspective, I had to go off reservation to go to school, to do laundry, to do everything. Just the convenience of that, of being able to be in your own community, and to have something that’s run by your own community, not have to travel such vast distances. So it is extremely expensive to live in rural America period, and anything we can do to help the population itself. And then of course the ripple effect of providing not just service-industry jobs, but, you know, jobs where people can become upwardly mobile, I mean trades and skills where you can really, really sustain yourself and your family.”

Tom Hampson:

“We oftentimes get mixed messages from tribal council that small business owners and small business development is important, but it’s not important enough to invest significant dollars of tribal resources into those support programs. On the other hand, those tribes that do that tend to match sort of the Harvard [Project] profile of successful tribes. Because the recognition of the investment in entrepreneurship is also an investment in human capital development, in social capital development, and, but fundamentally, in family asset building, because small businesses are a very efficient way of generating family assets.”

Kimberly Tilsen-Brave Heart:

“That to me is one of the most powerful things, in all of the work that I do, is really seeing the entrepreneur be able to carry the pride of what they’re providing for their families. And they may not be able to buy the big fancy house, but nine out of ten times, that’s not why they’re doing that business. They’re doing it because it’s hard work and it’s something their community actually needs. It’s a service that isn’t there. And we need to make things as a community. We need to create what we want for our children. And they’re so excited, because now they understand that they don’t have to go to a tribal job. They don’t have to be a teacher -- I’m not saying that they shouldn’t be -- I'm not saying that they shouldn't be -- but they don’t have to be a social worker. That now, for the first time, they have an opportunity to be able to be whatever, and do whatever, they want on their reservation. They don’t have to move to Denver or Minneapolis in order to be successful. They’re realizing that they can be the mainstream idea of success, but in their home with their Lakota values, and money can’t buy you that.”

Tina Merdanian:

“I think, you know, the ripple effect is first the education process, and really defining what it means to be a business owner on the reservation -- how that effects the family in providing the financial support as well. But at the same time, it’s creating a labor force, it’s creating venues in which education can happen, not just at the Chamber [Pine Ridge Area Chamber of Commerce] level, but you’re seeing it through the CDFIs, you’re seeing it through the local college in entrepreneurship programs beginning and taking root. You’re also seeing the fact that through taxes, it’s creating the revenue within the reservation. The variables are just enormous in regards to what it’s doing on the reservation. For example, Subway opened up -- first year, employed 15 people. Second year, they branched out into Kyle [South Dakota] and they employed 30 people. Thirty people who are able to bring an income, a steady income, to home. And what that creates for the family is that sense of stability, that sense of security as well of pride, that 'I can provide for my family,' that 'I am learning a new skill,' that 'I am able to move out and move forward.' And it’s just amazing to see people really blossom professionally as well as through the culture. And for me to see these people, and that they’re doing well -- you know, being able to have a vehicle now, being able to pay for rent, to get their own place, from moving out of a home of 17 people in one home, and being able to have their own place now -- it’s just amazing in regards to what it’s doing on the reservation.”

Aboriginal Youth Entrepreneurship: Success Factors and Challenges

Year

Aboriginal people (First Nations, Métis and Inuit) and their communities in the north face many obstacles and challenges. There are, however, tremendous opportunities to promote and enhance Aboriginal participation in the economy. Aboriginal youth entrepreneurs are key to building a healthy economy both on and off reserves.

The economic landscape for Aboriginal Canadians has changed considerably in the last two decades. The Canadian economy has expanded rapidly, outstripping the supply of skilled labour in many fields and pushing development farther into every region of the country. This economic evolution presents real opportunities on a broad scale for Aboriginal Canadians especially given that between 2001 and 2026, more than 600,000 Aboriginal youth will have come of age to enter the labour market, including more than 100,000 in each of British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba and Ontario (Indian and Northern Affairs Canada, 2008)...

Native Nations
Resource Type
Citation

The Aboriginal Economy Working Group. "Aboriginal Youth Entrepreneurship: Success Factors and Challenges." Northern Development MInisters Forum. Thunder Bay, Ontario. 2010. Paper. (http://www.sauder.ubc.ca/Programs/Chnook/Students/~/media..., accessed August 27, 2013)